Publications of 2019

We characterize access to empirical objects in biology from a theoretical perspective. Unlike objects in current physical theories, biological objects are the result of a history and their variations continue to generate a history. This property is the starting point of our concept of measurement. We argue that biological measurement is relative to a natural history which is shared by the different objects subjected to the measurement and is more or less constrained by biologists. We call symmetrization the theoretical and often concrete operation which leads to considering biological objects as equivalent in a measurement. Last, we use our notion of measurement to analyze research strategies. Some strategies aim to bring biology closer to the epistemology of physical theories, by studying objects as similar as possible, while others build on biological diversity.

Keywords: measurement, evolution, experiments, strains, symmetry, systematics

Like theoretical physics, theoretical biology is not just mathematical modeling. Instead, theoretical biology should strive to find suitable first principles to ground the understanding of biological phenomena and ultimately frame biological experiments and mathematical models. First principles in physics are expressed in terms of symmetries and the associated conservations, on the one side, and optimization on the other side. In biology, we argue instead that a strong notion of variation is fundamental. This notion encompasses new possibilities and the historicity of biological phenomena. By contrast, the relative regularity of some aspects of biological organisms, which we call constraints, should be regarded as the consequence of a mutual stabilization of the parts of organisms. We exemplify several aspects of this framework with the modeling of allometric relationships. Our change of perspective leads to reconsider the meaning of measurements and the structure of the space of description.

Keywords: Allometry, first principles, Historicity, invariants, theoretical biology, Variability

L’invention et le développement des ordinateurs a ouvert de nouvelles possibilités pour la modélisation. En physique, l’existence de théories mathématisées permet d’utiliser l’ordinateur pour calculer des solutions approchées à des problèmes déjà bien circonscrits théoriquement et épistémologiquement. En biologie, par contre, il n’existe pas de théorie jouant ce rôle épistémologique, et l’informatique a permis l’émergence de pratiques de modélisation combinant plusieurs cadres mathématiques. L’ouvrage de Franck Varenne porte sur ces pratiques novatrices, leur histoire et leur épistémologie, à travers le cas des simulations de morphogenèse d’arbres et plus généralement de plantes.